For the demographic and clinical factors associated with homelessness, there were Tiffany 1837 Bar drop earrings notable findings. Unlike earlier researchers, we found no association between age and homelessness (9). A higher rate of homelessness in men versus women was previously reported (31) and may be in part related to the presence of additional resources and support available to families that are homeless or at risk of homelessness, which are primarily headed by women. We found that African Americans had a higher risk of homelessness, and Latinos and Asians a lower risk of homelessness, compared to Caucasians. We are aware of only one prior report examining homelessness in Latinos with serious mental illness (19), which also reported a lower rate. In San Diego County, African Americans constitute 5% of the general population, 11% of the Adult Mental Health Services population with serious mental illness, and 16% of the homeless patients with serious mental illness treated in Adult Mental Paloma's X earrings Services. Latinos contribute 23% of the general population, 19% of the Adult Mental Health Services patients, and 12% of the homeless patients. It is possible that the higher rate of homelessness among African Americans may be due in part to fewer community resources for this group of patients, whereas the larger Latino community may be able to provide more resources to protect against homelessness. However, African Americans have been found to be at higher risk of homelessness in other cities with larger African American populations such as New York and Philadelphia (17, 19, 24). An investigation of homeless persons in Los Angeles, only some of whom had mental illness, found lower rates of homelessness in Caucasians and Latinos than in African Americans. However, the African Americans and Latinos reported higher rates of childhood poverty, Paloma Picasso Loving Heart ring the Caucasians reported higher rates of family dysfunction (32). Factors other than minority ethnic status, such as family structure and social support, may be relevant to homelessness, and further work is needed to better understand this relationship.
As in previous investigations, substance use disorders were associated with homelessness (8, 9, 26). Treatment of substance abuse has been reported to improve outcomes in homeless persons with dual diagnoses of serious mental illness and substance abuse (33); however, access to substance abuse treatment is more difficult for Elsa Peretti Open Heart ring persons with serious mental illness than for other homeless persons (34). Similarly, patients who did not have Medi-Cal insurance were twice as likely to be homeless as patients with Medi-Cal. Homeless persons with psychotic disorders have been reported to have greater difficulty obtaining and maintaining entitlement benefits, compared with homeless persons without psychotic disorders (35).
Homelessness was associated with increased emergency-type and decreased outpatient-type mental health treatment. Several studies have reported higher rates of psychiatric hospital use among homeless persons with serious mental illness (14, 21, 27), and higher costs for mental health treatment for homeless versus not-homeless veterans have been reported (20). However, these prior investigations were limited to samples of homeless persons (14, 21, 27) or to hospitalized veterans (20). In this study of all patients treated in a large public mental health system, homeless Tiffany 1837 lock ring were more than twice as likely to be hospitalized as were not-homeless patients. In our prior investigation of Medi-Cal recipients treated in San Diego County Adult Mental Health Services, inpatient costs constituted the largest portion of mental health costs for those patients who were hospitalized (36). Studies of interventions targeting homeless persons with mental illness have reported fewer inpatient hospitalizations and fewer days homeless in those who received the interventions (25, 37-41). In some of these interventions, the total costs were lower for the intervention group (37, 38), whereas in other reports the improved patient outcomes required greater expenditures (41). Improved care for homeless persons with serious mental illness may be cost-effective or at least may result in improved patient outcomes with only moderate increases in total costs.
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