The research has indisputably affirmedthat children of lesbian parents express Paloma's Zellige earrings gender rolesand behaviors, and are almost always heterosexual. The scientificvote was cast (to the relief of many): lesbians (and by extension,gay men) were "normal" parents and their kids were also "normal."Same-sex parenting has been justified based on scientificaffirmations of normality, that is, "it is okay for lesbians andgay men to parent children because their children are just like thechildren of heterosexual marriages."
There have always been challenges tothis research, primarily by conservative Tiffany Notes Earrings Tiffany & Co. immersed inreligious ideology; all of these criticisms have been discreditedby reputable social scientists (Cooper & Cates, 2006). However,in recent years, the research has been contested from scholarsknown for their progressive views on same-sex parenting -révaluations from "within." The focus of their criticism rests onthe assumptions of "normality" in the existing literature, raisingsophisticated questions about the role of heterosexism in socialscience research (Clarke, 2000; Hicks, 2005a; Riggs, 2007; Stacey& Biblarz, 2001). Challenging the research may seemunnecessarily self- destructive: why challenge evidence that hasassisted so many Tiffany Signature drop earrings-sex couples to achieve their desires tobecome parents? These challenges, however, interrogate salientquestions that should not be so easily dismissed: how arechildren's sexual orientations and gender expressions impacted bytheir parents' identities and how does the environmental context of"queerness" impact parent/ child transactions regarding genderdevelopment? It is also germane to ask how researchers can studythese questions without pandering to heteronormative expectationsand still remain sensitive to the potential misuse of informationin public policy decisions that can negatively impact LGBTQfamilies.
To explore these questions requiresexamination of three overlapping theoretical Heart Link lariat. First isthe rise of "alternative" family structures, includingmulticultural families, families formed using assisted reproductivetechnologies, and households headed by same-sex couples. Second isthe decentering of heterosexuality as the normative, "natural"blueprint for the construction of families. Third is the evolutionof a postmodern discourse on gender that deconstructs themale/female sex binary, and nurtures transgender, Link necklace, andgenderqueer identities. Gay/lesbian affirmative models of treatmentand queer theory consolidate these overlapping paradigms,challenging social workers, psychologists, and family therapists toreexamine their assumptions about functional roles, identity,structure, and dynamics within families.
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