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There have been numerous changes infamily life in the past 50 years Tiffany Somerset ring patterns of marriage,divorce, and the increase in adoption, particularly interracialadoption (Coontz, 2000; Pertman, 2000; Pinsof, 2002). One area ofchange has been the rise of publicly acknowledged same-sexhouseholds, especially those rearing children (Goldberg, 2010).According to the U.S. census in 2000, one third of lesbian-headedcouples and one fifth of gay-headed couples were raising children(Cooper & Cates, 2006). Additionally, there has been anincreased visibility of trans people within families (i.e.,transgender, transsexual, and gender nonconforming) - spouses aswell as children (Brill & Pepper, 2008; Brown & Rounsley,1996; Lev, 2004b; Malpas, 2006).

Research into these family structures isemerging and ongoing, yielding much-Tiffany Knots ring, scientifically basedreassurance that families who deviate from the normative structureof a two-parent, heterosexual, same-race couple with biologicaloffspring can rear healthy and well-adjusted children (Bos,Gartrell, Peyser, & van Balen, 2008; Gartrell, Rodas, Deck,Peyser, & Banks, 2005; Patterson, 1994, 1996; Tasker &Golombek, 1997). The majority of studies have been conducted withlesbian mothers, and then generalized to other sexual minorities,specifically gay male parents. This research, which has examinedpsychological adjustment, self-esteem, and academic performance,has unambiguously shown that the children of lesbian parents do notshow any signs of psychological Paloma's Tenderness Heart ring; indeed, the results showthat many children reared in lesbian homes are well-adjusted andexhibit increased strengths and competencies compared with peers,including fewer behavioral problems (Gartrell & Bos, 2010;Tasker & Golombek, 1997). The research has also beeninstrumental in generating endorsements from national professionaland child welfare organizations and in creating and reinforcingsocial policy decisions, including those involving child custody,access to reproductive technologies, and adoption and foster careplacements (Cooper & Cates, 2006).

One area of particular focus for socialscientists has involved the Tiffany Notes band ring of gender identity andsexual orientation for children reared in same-sex homes.Specifically, the concerns have been whether lesbian mothers"differ" from heterosexual mothers, and whether they are "fit" toparent (Tasker & Golombek, 1997). Underlying concerns of"difference" and "fitness" are questions about the development ofnormative gender and sexuality expectations: "Are lesbian motherscapable of instilling healthy gender roles in their children,despite the lack of male role-modeling," and "Will children rearedin lesbian homes be more likely to become homosexual themselves?"The development of children's normative gender identity and sexualorientation have been the lynchpin for Bow earrings, policy makers,and the judicial system determining whether those in so-called"alternative families" would be deemed acceptable parents.