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It is frequently asserted that marriage is more beneficial for the mental health of men than women Elsa Peretti Open Heart charm, but the evidence for this is far from clear cut (Wishman et al. 2006). Research has shown that marital distress is a risk factor for anxiety and mood disorders for both men and women (Wishman & Bruce, 1999; Wishman et al. 2006), but that women are more likely to experience marital distress (Almeida & Kessler, 1998; Schumm et al. 1998). This makes gender differences in marital distress a plausible contributory factor to the higher rates of depression or anxiety among married women relative to married men (Wishman et al. 2006), but it does not clarify whether gender differences in prevalence of anxiety-mood disorders are actually greater among the married than the never married or the previously married.

Longitudinal studies can usually provide greater clarity on this issue than cross-sectional studies because their information on the temporal sequence of mental health symptoms and marital status change helps to differentiate selection (into or out of marriage on the basis of prior mental health) from protection effects. Most longitudinal studies on the relationship between marital status and mental health have focused on depression and most of these have investigated the effects of marital dissolution. These studies have generally found that separation or divorce is associated with increased risk of depression, but they are strikingly inconsistent in whether they find this increase higher among women Heart Clover Pendant, higher among men (Bruce & Kim, 1992; Kendler et al. 2001) or the same across genders Paloma's Zellige pendant. The few studies on gender differences in mental health outcomes associated with getting married relative to remaining unmarried also vary in their findings (e.g. Horwitz et al. 1996; Simon, 2002).

This inconsistency probably reflects variation across studies in several key methodological features, with no one feature sufficient to explain the discrepant results. First, many studies of marital disruption exclude the remarried; this may exaggerate the effect of marital disruption on mental health, especially among women, because remarriage may select the better adjusted and men may be more likely to remarry (Aseltine & Kessler, 1993). Second, length of time between divorce/separation and the follow-up assessment varies across studies and Paloma's Crown of Hearts pendant symptoms may persist longer in men following marital disruption (Gahler, 2006). Third, most studies have used depression symptom scales rather than standardized diagnostic measures and it is notable that the studies cited above that found a stronger association of divorce with depression among men, have typically used diagnostic measures of depression, while those finding a stronger association among women have typically used depression symptom scales. Fourth, degree of control for history of prior psychopathology varies across studies. This control is important for two reasons. It is necessary to differentiate the influence of a history of depression on current symptoms from the influence of marital disruption on current symptoms (in that women are more likely to have current symptoms due to their higher likelihood of depression history, regardless of the impact of a Cupcake charm and chain such as marital disruption). It is also important for reducing the influence of selection into marital disruption on the basis of a history of psychopathology. Although longitudinal studies of depression symptoms in response to marital disruption control for symptoms at time 1 (T1), this may not fully reflect history, such as those first onsets that occur between T1 and time 2, or that occurred prior to T1 with remission at T1. Finally, any inconsistency in results relating to gender that may be attributable to variation across studies in methodological features differentially sensitive to effects in men and women is exacerbated by the small sample sizes that a number of these studies have.