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This inconsistency probably reflects variation across studies in several key methodological features, with no one feature sufficient to explain the discrepant results. First, many studies of marital disruption exclude the remarried; this may exaggerate the effect of marital disruption on mental health, especially among women, because remarriage may select the better adjusted and men may be more likely to remarry (Aseltine & Kessler, 1993). Second, length of time between divorce/separation and the follow-up assessment varies Tiffany 1837 square cufflinks studies and depressive symptoms may persist longer in men following marital disruption (Gahler, 2006). Third, most studies have used depression symptom scales rather than standardized diagnostic measures and it is notable that the studies cited above that found a stronger association of divorce with depression among men, have typically used diagnostic measures of depression, while those finding a stronger association among Return to Tiffany Oval tag bracelet have typically used depression symptom scales.

Fourth, degree of control for history of prior psychopathology varies across studies. This control is important for two reasons. It is necessary to differentiate the influence of a history of depression on current symptoms from the influence of marital disruption on current symptoms (in that women are more likely to have Elsa Peretti Open Heart bracelet symptoms due to their higher likelihood of depression history, regardless of the impact of a stressor such as marital disruption). It is also important for reducing the influence of selection into marital disruption on the basis of a history of psychopathology. Although longitudinal studies of depression symptoms in response to marital disruption control for symptoms at time 1 (T1), this may not fully reflect history, such as those first onsets that occur between T1 and time 2, or that occurred prior to T1 with remission at T1. Finally, any inconsistency in results relating to gender that may be attributable to variation across studies in methodological features differentially Tiffany 1837 Lock bracelet to effects in men and women is exacerbated by the small sample sizes that a number of these studies have.

An additional limitation to the literature on this topic is that, for a balanced perspective, studies should include mental disorders where men predominate (substance use) as well as those where women predominate (depression and anxiety disorders). Few studies have done so, Tiffany 1837 Charm bracelet include Horwitz et al. (1996) and Simon, (2002) and we are not aware of any that have used diagnostic measures of alcohol use disorders. Several longitudinal studies have examined changes in drinking behavior following changes in marital status, usually marital gain (see Duncan et al. 2006 for review) but again, although most find reduction in heavy drinking on marriage, there is no consistency in findings relating to gender differences (e.g. Horwitz et al. 1996; Power et al. 1999; Simon, 2002; Duncan et al. 2006).